Biology at Education Always

Biology is the science of living things. It covers every aspect of life, from the tiniest cell to the largest ecosystem. In Ghana, Biology is an elective science subject at SHS studied under the General Science and Agricultural Science programmes. At Education Always, our Biology content is aligned with the GES syllabus and prepares students thoroughly for the WASSCE Biology examination.

SHS Biology Topics

Cell Biology

  • The cell as the basic unit of life: structure of plant and animal cells
  • Cell organelles and their functions: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and others
  • Cell division: mitosis and meiosis and their significance
  • Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport across cell membranes

Nutrition

  • Nutrition in plants: photosynthesis, the light and dark reactions
  • Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
  • Mineral nutrition in plants: macronutrients and micronutrients
  • Nutrition in animals: types of nutrition and the human digestive system
  • Enzymes: structure, properties, and factors affecting enzyme activity
  • Food tests: tests for starch, glucose, protein, and fat

Transport Systems

  • Transport in plants: xylem, phloem, transpiration, and translocation
  • Transport in animals: the human circulatory system, the heart, blood vessels, and blood
  • Blood groups and blood transfusion

Respiration and Gaseous Exchange

  • Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
  • The human respiratory system: lungs, breathing mechanisms
  • Gaseous exchange in plants and animals

Excretion and Homeostasis

  • Excretion in plants and animals
  • The human kidney: structure and function, urine formation
  • Homeostasis: regulation of blood glucose, temperature, and water balance

Reproduction

  • Reproduction in flowering plants: pollination, fertilization, seed and fruit formation
  • Human reproduction: male and female reproductive systems, fertilization, development
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive health

Genetics and Evolution

  • Mendel’s laws of inheritance: monohybrid and dihybrid crosses
  • DNA structure, chromosomes, and genes
  • Mutations and genetic disorders
  • Natural selection and evolution
  • Variation: continuous and discontinuous variation

Ecology

  • Ecosystems, food chains, food webs, and energy flow
  • Nutrient cycles: carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles
  • Population ecology and factors affecting population size
  • Environmental issues: pollution, deforestation, and conservation

Study Tips for Biology

Biology has a lot of content to learn, but it becomes manageable when you understand the underlying concepts rather than memorizing facts. Draw and label diagrams repeatedly until you can produce them without looking at the book. Learn processes as sequences of steps. Use mnemonics to remember lists. Always relate what you study to real examples from everyday life in Ghana.

Browse our Biology lessons and question bank to build your understanding and prepare for WASSCE.